Somalia's disintegration is reflected in its media, which is undeveloped, fragmented and often partisan. Broadcasters and journalists operate in an atmosphere which is hostile to free expression, and often dangerous.

In spite of this, diverse and more professional media outlets have emerged in recent years - in particular, FM radio stations with no explicit factional links.

The TV and press sectors are weak and radio is the dominant medium. There are around 20 radio stations, but no national, domestic broadcaster. Many listeners tune to Somali-language media based abroad, in particular the BBC Somali service.

The Somali diaspora in the West, the Gulf states and elsewhere has driven the development of a rich Somali internet presence. However, domestic web access is hampered by practicalities such as limited access to mains electricity.

Press freedom body Reporters Without Borders warned in late 2006 that, under the Union of Islamic Courts, "Somalia is in the process of becoming a forbidden area for the independent press". The US-based Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) said it was alarmed by an upsurge in harassment of journalists by rival groups.

In secessionist Somaliland and Puntland the authorities maintain a tight hold on broadcasting.

To be comtinue.......Radio, TV , & The Press